Vitalik: ZK cannot provide coercion resistance and must be used in conjunction with FHE and other technologies.

According to Mars Finance, ZCash research expert c-node posted that “MPC, tFHE, and TEEs can build privacy applications that cannot be achieved with ZK, but with weaker privacy strength. It is recommended to prioritize pure ZK for use in payments, transfers, and voting.” Vitalik Buterin replied that “ZK itself cannot provide anti-coercion, and in scenarios like voting, it still requires a combination of trusted parties, MPC, FHE, or TEE to achieve this feature. We can enhance system security through overlay architectures like ZK + FHE, so that even if FHE is compromised, all privacy attributes except for anti-coercion can still be preserved. I suspect a similar situation applies to almost all other encryption application scenarios outside of zero-knowledge proofs.”