Vitalik releases GKR tutorial article: support for ultra-fast ZK proof "batch × layer" protocol

PANews, October 20th - Vitalik Buterin recently published an article detailing how the GKR (Goldreich–Kahan–Rothblum) protocol is used to accelerate ZK proofs, adapting to a “batch × multi-layer” computation structure, significantly reducing intermediate layer commitments and only committing to inputs and outputs. The article uses Poseidon2 hash as an example, elaborating on the recursive proof process centered around sumcheck, and provides optimizations (Gruen’s trick, linear batch processing, and cubic first elements for partial rounds), which can be combined with BaseFold or FRI in polynomial commitment scenarios. The author claims that the actual overhead is less than 100 times the theoretical value of traditional STARKs, with single-digit level overhead expected, and warns that the Fiat–Shamir challenge needs to guard against predictability risks within circuits.